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Fyodor Petrovich Komissarzhevsky
Fyodor Petrovich Komissarzhevsky ((ロシア語:Фёдор Петро́вич Комиссарже́вский)) (1832 - 14 March 1905)〔According to Borovsky (2001) p. 1, his birth year has been erroneously given as variously 1830, 1834, and 1838. The 1832 date is taken from one of Komissarzhevski's own letters. The spelling of his surname used in this article is that used in the current standard English reference works. However, it has also been transcribed in non-Russian sources as Kommissarzhevsky, Komisarzhevsky, Komissarzhevski, Komisarjevsky, Kommissarievskij, and Komissartschevsky.〕 was a Russian opera singer and teacher of voice and stagecraft. A leading tenor at the Mariinsky Theatre in St. Petersburg, he created many roles in Russian operas, including the Pretender in Mussorgsky's ''Boris Godunov'' and the title role in Tchaikovsky's ''Vakula the Smith''. He had a voice described in the ''Grove Book of Opera Singers'' as small but with a "velvety timbre" and as a singer was known for not only for his clear diction and beautiful phrasing but also for his skill as an actor.〔Semeonoff (2008) p. 253〕 He was the father of the actress Vera Komissarzhevskaya and the director Theodore Komisarjevsky.
==Biography==
Komissarzhevsky was born near Kiev and after studying law at St. Petersburg University worked in the Russian Department of Taxation. However, after three years and against the wishes of his father, he gave up his career as a lawyer to study singing in Italy with Pietro Repetto.〔Pietro Repetto (1824-1870) was an Italian singer, composer, and voice teacher. He was born in Alessandria in the Piedmont region of Italy and died in St. Petersburg where he had taught at the St. Petersburg Conservatory from 1863.〕 He then sang, under the name "Teodoro di Pietro",〔Carnegy (2006) p. 211〕〔 in Milan, Rome, Florence and Genoa, as well as in Odessa, Madrid, Barcelona, and even Rio de Janeiro. In 1863, while in St. Petersburg with a touring Italian opera company, his success with the audiences brought him to the attention of the inspectors of the Mariinsky Theatre, who offered him a position as leading tenor with the company. He took up his appointment with the theatre in November 1863 and went on to create many roles there, most notably, Don Juan in Dargomyzhsky's ''The Stone Guest'' (1872), the Pretender in Mussorgsky's ''Boris Godunov'' (1874), Prince Sinodal in Rubinstein's ''The Demon'' (1875), and the title role in Tchaikovsky's ''Vakula the Smith'' (1876). Later Tchaikovsky would dedicate one of his songs to him ("Say of What, in the Shade of Branches" Op. 57, No. 1).〔Sylvester (2004) pp. 192-193〕 At the Mariinsky, he also sang the title role of Wagner's Lohengrin for its Russian premiere in 1873.
Komissarzhevsky remained at the Mariinsky Theatre until 1880 and then moved to Moscow where he sang at the Bolshoi Theatre as well as directing several operas there, including ''The Magic Flute'' and Cherubini's ''The Water Carrier'' (an opera hitherto unknown in Moscow). Following his retirement from the stage, Komissarzhevsky taught singing and acting at the Moscow Conservatory from 1883 to 1888. Amongst his private students was Constantin Stanislavsky, who had originally hoped to become an opera singer.〔 When Stanislavsky founded the Society of Art and Literature in 1888, Komissarzhevsky became the first head of the operatic and musical section of its school. He parted company with the Society after a year and then spent some years at the conservatory in Tblisi where he taught singing as well as writing reviews. After Tblisi he went to Italy, travelling around the country until he finally settled in the coastal town of Sanremo. Komissarzhevsky died there on 14 March 1905 at the age of 74 while tending his roses.〔Borovsky (2001) pp. 66-67〕 He was buried in the Protestant Cemetery in Rome where the inscription on his gravestone reads:
"Teodoro Komisarjevsky di Pietro, artist of the Italian opera and the Imperial Opera of St. Petersburg, professor at the Moscow Conservatory, and a soldier in Garibaldi's legions, died on the soil of his beloved Italy."〔Academy of Denmark, Rome, (Protestant Cemetery Database: Stone 1576 ). (Original Italian: ) For a photograph of Komissarzhevsky's grave see the plate facing p, 66 of Borovsky (2001)〕
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